2013-08-25

When Special isn’t so very special anymore…

Tom Breur
25 August 2013

I love travelling by train. I have gotten used to exclusively travelling by train. In the Netherlands, I must be one of last Mohicans because their service continues to deteriorate. Yet in all their self-reported questionnaires, they claim passengers are happy. I guess these respondents are the only ones (like me) willing to put up with the lack of reliability.

Dr. W. Edwards Deming introduced the notion of “Special and Common Cause Variation”, although they appear only slight modifications from what Shewhart referred to as “Special and Chance Cause variation.” They describe variation in a process, where “common” causes are the usual variations that can be predicted from past history. Therefore, they can (easily) be quantified as expected variations from the norm. “Special” causes cannot be quantified, simply because they haven’t been observed before.

On Wikipedia there is a nice overview of this topic, pointing out that “chance variation” is like statistically ‘reliable’ noise surrounding a signal. What has this got to do with public transportation?

When I plan to be somewhere on time, I feel obliged to factor in train delays. They have grown so common that it makes me look rather silly to excuse myself being late “because the train had a delay” – well what had you thought?!?

When there are train connections, and I cannot afford to be late, I need to plan to arrive at least one hour prior to my meeting, simply to avoid predictable chance cause variation. When delays happen quite often, how “Special” can it be, then?

I remember the first time, the train couldn’t run because autumn had dropped too many leafs on the railroad tracks. It sounded like a joke. Now trains get cancelled for cold weather, warm weather, and what you have.


For the occasional train traveller, “train delay” might still be an excuse. After all: once is an incident, twice is remarkable, and three times starts a pattern. So unless you use the train more often, you may not have come to expect delays. For those of us who do, we know missed connections bear no resemblance whatsoever to Black Swans… 

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